Germanium
facet 32 of routine table is Germanium v atomic number 32, atomic load 72.64. Germanium, prize Ge, has actually a Face centered Cubic structure and Gray color. Germanium is a metalloid element. Trivial surname of Germanium is tetrels, crystallogens. Understand everything around Germanium Facts, physical Properties, chemistry Properties, digital configuration, Atomic and also Crystal Structure.

Germanium is a chemical aspect with price Ge and atomic number 32. The is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, v an illustration most comparable to elemental silicon.
You are watching: Number of valence electrons in germanium
Germanium Facts
Read crucial information and also facts around element Germanium
name | Germanium |
atomic Number | 32 |
atom Symbol | Ge |
Atomic load | 72.64 |
step | Solid |
color | Gray |
Classification | metalloid |
group in periodic Table | 14 |
Group Name | carbon family members |
duration in regular Table | 4 |
Block in regular Table | p-block |
Electronic Configuration | |
Melting allude | 938.3 °C |
Boiling allude | 2820 °C |
Electronic covering Structure | <2, 8, 18, 4> |
CAS Number | CAS7440-56-4 |
ar
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
1 | 1 H 2 He | |||||||||||||||||
2 | 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne | |||||||||||||||||
3 | 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr | |||||||||||||||||
5 | 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe | |||||||||||||||||
6 | 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn | |||||||||||||||||
7 | 87 Fr 88 Ra 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og | |||||||||||||||||
Lanthanides | 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu | |||||||||||||||||
Actinide | 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr |
check out our interactive routine table
How to find Germanium on periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, variety of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Routine table starts at peak left ( atomic number 1) and ends in ~ bottom ideal (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 32 to discover Germanium on routine table.
Another method to read regular table and also locate an facet is through using group number (column) and period number (row). To situate Germanium on periodic table look because that cross section of group 14 and duration 4 in the contemporary periodic table.
check out Interactive periodic Table to Understand and also Learn Cool patterns
Table the Contents
History
Abundance
Physical Properties
Thermal Properties
Crystal Structure
Atomic & orbital Properties
Chemical Properties
Isotopes
Health and also Safety Parameters and Guidelines
Databases
Compare Germanium with other elements
Germanium History
The element Germanium was found by Clemens Winkler in year 1886 in Germany . Germanium derived its surname from Germania, the Latin name for Germany
Germanium Presence: diversity in Nature and also Around Us
The table listed below shows the variety of Germanium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth"s Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
abundance in cosmos | 2e-07 |
abundance in sun | 2e-07 |
variety in Meteorites | 2.1e-05 |
Abundance in Earth"s tardy | 1.4e-06 |
variety in seas | 6×10-9% |
variety in people | N/A |
Crystal framework of Germanium
The heavy state framework of Germanium is Face focused Cubic.
The decision structure deserve to be described in regards to its unit Cell. The unit cells repeats chin in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths the the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and also c)
565.75 | 565.75 | 565.75 pm |
and the angles in between them Lattice angles (alpha, beta and also gamma).
π/2 | π/2 | π/2 |
The location of the atoms within the unit cell are defined by the collection of atom positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured indigenous a reference lattice point.
The symmetry nature of the decision are defined by the ide of an are groups. All feasible symmetric kinds of corpuscle in three-dimensional room are defined by the 230 an are groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
room Group surname | Fm_ 3m | ![]() |
an are Group Number | 225 | |
Crystal structure | Face centered Cubic |
Germanium Atomic and also Orbital Properties
Germanium atoms have 32 electrons and also the digital shell framework is <2, 8, 18, 4> through Atomic term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3P0.
atomic Number | 32 |
Number of electrons (with no charge) | 32 |
Number the Protons | 32 |
Mass Number | 73 |
Number of Neutrons | 41 |
Shell framework (Electrons per power level) | <2, 8, 18, 4> |
Electron construction | |
Valence Electrons | 4s2 4p2 |
Oxidation State | -4;-3;-2;-1 1;2;3;4 |
Atomic term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3P0 |
Shell framework of Germanium - electron per power level

Ground State digital Configuration that Germanium - neutral Germanium atom
The floor state electronic configuration that Neutral Germanium atom isSee more: 5/6 In Simplest Form - Simplify 5/6 To Simplest Form
Unabbreviated digital configuration the neutral Germanium
Complete floor state digital configuration for the Germanium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
Atomic framework of Germanium
Germanium atom radius is 125 pm, if it"s covalent radius is 122 pm.
atomic Radius | 125 pm (1.25 Å) |
Atomic Volume | 13.6464399775 cm3 |
Covalent Radius | 122 pm (1.22 Å) |
valve der Waals Radius | N/A |
neutron Cross ar | 2.2 σa/barns |
Atomic Spectrum of Germanium

Germanium chemistry Properties: Germanium Ionization Energies and also electron affinity
The electron affinity that Germanium is 119 kJ/mol
Valence | 4 |
Electronegativity | 2.01 |
ElectronAffinity | 119 kJ/mol |
Ionization energy of Germanium
Refer to table listed below for Ionization energies the Germanium
1 | 762 |
2 | 1537.5 |
3 | 3302.1 |
4 | 4411 |
5 | 9020 |
Germanium physical Properties
Refer to below table for Germanium physics Properties
thickness | 5.323 g/cm3 |
Molar Volume | 13.6464399775 cm3 |
Elastic Properties
Young Modulus | N/A |
Shear Modulus | N/A |
mass Modulus | N/A |
Poisson ratio | N/A |
Hardness the Germanium - test to measure of Hardness of Element
Mohs Hardness | 6 MPa |
Vickers Hardness | N/A |
Brinell Hardness | N/A |
Germanium electric Properties
Germanium is Semiconductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the electric properties of Germanium
electric Conductivity | 2×103 S/m |
Resistivity | 0.0005 m Ω |
Superconducting point | N/A |
Germanium Heat and Conduction Properties
heat Conductivity | 60 W/(m K) |
Thermal expansion | 6×10-6 K-1 |
Germanium Magnetic Properties
Magnetic type | Diamagnetic |
Curie point | N/A |
massive Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.5×10-9 |
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.09×10-10 |
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -7.98×10-6 |
Optical nature of Germanium
Refractive index | N/A |
Acoustic nature of Germanium
speed of Sound | 5.4×103 m/s |
Germanium heat Properties - Enthalpies and also thermodynamics
Refer to table below for heat properties the Germanium
Melting point | 1211.4 K (938.3 °C) |
Boiling suggest | 3093 K (2820 °C) |
an important Temperature | N/A |
Superconducting suggest | N/A |
Enthalpies of Germanium
warmth of blend | 31.8 kJ/mol |
heat of Vaporization | 334 kJ/mol |
warmth of combustion | -536 J/(kg K) |
Germanium isotopes - nuclear Properties of Germanium
Isotopes the rhodium. Naturally developing Germanium has 4 stable isotope - 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge.
58Ge | ||||
59Ge | ||||
60Ge | ||||
61Ge | ||||
62Ge | ||||
63Ge | ||||
64Ge | ||||
65Ge | ||||
66Ge | ||||
67Ge | ||||
68Ge | ||||
69Ge | ||||
70Ge | 20.84% | steady | N/A | |
71Ge | ||||
72Ge | 27.54% | secure | N/A | |
73Ge | 7.73% | secure | N/A | |
74Ge | 36.28% | secure | N/A | |
75Ge | ||||
76Ge | 7.61% | |||
77Ge | ||||
78Ge | ||||
79Ge | ||||
80Ge | ||||
81Ge | ||||
82Ge | ||||
83Ge | ||||
84Ge | ||||
85Ge | ||||
86Ge | ||||
87Ge | ||||
88Ge | ||||
89Ge |
Regulatory and Health - Health and also Safety Parameters and also Guidelines
CAS Number | CAS7440-56-4 |
RTECS Number | RTECSLY5200000 |
period Hazard course | 4.1 |
dot Numbers | 3089 |
EU Number | N/A |
NFPA Fire Rating | 0 |
NFPA risks | N/A |
NFPA wellness Rating | 1 |
NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 |
Autoignition allude | N/A |
Flashpoint | N/A |
Database Search
perform of unique identifiers to find the aspect in assorted chemical registry databases
CAS Number - chemistry Abstracts company (CAS) | CAS7440-56-4 |
CID Number | CID6326954 |
Gmelin Number | N/A |
NSC Number | N/A |
RTECS Number | RTECSLY5200000 |